Archive for the 'Science' Category

The nose knows: MHC and the American way

In a recent paper out in PLoS Genetics titled Is Mate Choice in Humans MHC-Dependent? (Chaix et al. 2008) the authors use genetic data to see if the MHC locus is more or less similar between spouses than the rest of the genome. Selection of mates on the basis of MHC locus differences is something that’s been shown in a bunch of animal studies, but it’s still unclear how it works in humans. You may have heard of the studies where women who smelled used men’s undershirts preferred the smell of men with different MHC loci, but some studies have provided contradictory results.

To briefly explain: Genes in the MHC locus are involved in recognizing pathogens. Therefore it is likely advantageous to have more differences between the two alleles at this loci to have a better chance of recognizing more pathogens. Several studies with different animal models have shown a preference for mates that have less similar MHC loci.

What Chaix et al. find is that among European Americans the MHC locus is less similar between spouses than the rest of the genome. Suggesting that we, like mice, prefer to mate with people that have different MHC loci from our own. Notably Chaix et al. don’t find this pattern at all in the Yoruban African samples they examine which makes for some interesting discussion about possible cultural influence or diversity issues. While I don’t know enough about population genetics to confidently say how strong their results are, they sound reasonable to me.

I love the the way people are increasingly using human genomic sequence data to piece apart issues of evolution and demographic history. I also love that this paper is short and well written enough for someone who knows little about population genetics (eg. me) to understand.

Chaix R, Cao C, Donnelly P (2008) Is Mate Choice in Humans MHC-Dependent? PLoS Genet 4(9): e1000184. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000184

Montauk the new Island of Dr. Moreau

What is being called the Montauk Monster is clearly a chimera in need of moisturizer and maybe a beach towel. Most likely a xenographed composite of two animals, like a Cannis rattus. Either way…take that affluent beach community. Something heinous for a change washed up on your gated shore.

cannis rattus

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Update

I gladly defer to Darren over at Tetrapod Zoology on this one. Apparently he’s very familiar with the idea of Taphonomy and decomposition. The supposed Montauk beak or bill does not belong to a turtle, eagle, or mythic Griffon; it’s the upper jaw minus dentition of a North American canine. As Darren pointed out:

The tendency for the soft tissues of the snout to be lost early on in decomposition immediately indicates that the ‘beak’ is just a defleshed snout region: we’re actually seeing the naked premaxillary bones. And this is confirmed by new photos which show without doubt that this is the case

Still, the hands and brow region do not suggest a dog. An educated guess, and without knowing the overall size of the creature, would say a raccoon, Procyon lotor. Most dog breads, save for Bull Terriers, have pronounced brow-ridges while the rodent family characteristically maintains slopping, less-pronounced ones.

Montauk Monster

Missed Opportunities

As usual, someone more entrepreneurial, more decisive, more certain of themselves, grabbed hold of that kernel of an idea, that nugget of insight and made a bit of cash.

Six years ago, while working in a pet store, I was busy cleaning tanks when a delicate crustacean, a decopod, flitted through the murk of dirty tank water and grasped my submerged hand. Tiny pinchers at the end of long, delicate foot-stalks nimbly maneuvered Lysmata amboinensis toward my fingers. Its thorace, yellow with two red racing stripes, swayed gently in the turbulent water like a commuter on the metro. Slowly, with a set of antennae twice the length of its body, the cleaner shrimp walked to the tip of my fingers and set its tiny claws upon a hangnail. The feeling was like a slight static shock, not uncommon in a room full of salt water and outlets. Then it moved to my cuticles, and finally, with a pair of chelipedic tweezers, grabbed at the grime from under my nails. And it was satisfying. I sat motionless, reveling in my first symbiotic relationship–with an invertebrate, no less!–and mentally arranged ways to have my fingers manicured every time I came to work, and then, how strange it would look when a customers saw an employee standing there with one arm in an tank and a blissful look on his face.

But then pet shops attract strange people. It is a refuge for the pony-tailed or tattooed and goateed male unable or unwilling to work at the Gap–preferring as it were to feed rats to snakes over folding jeans. The customers, mostly other guys, can be generalized as well. There are the shitheads in search of a frat house mascot that eats things. Then the forty-year old virgins who graduated from Dungeons & Dragons to a Bearded Dragon. In an opposing corner are the mulleted, sleeveless, toothless hilljacks who walk in with eight squaking kids, and a wife who remains in the Ford heap idling out front, to complain about the price of rats and then ask if their ten foot Burmese would eat a thawed chicken. Next, the fanatics who smell like the animals they keep, the bird lovers. Lastly, the no-nothing dentists and lawyers who want to recreate that time they went diving in Fiji right in their living room and want it to scale and would like it done this afternoon. This is the price one pays for running a pet shop that is against selling puppies and kittens. There is no further need to encourage a stereotype by engaging in socially awkward behavior with a crustacean.

Of course if I wasn’t the only one doing it…

What saved me from the next logical step all those years ago, the money-making step, was, perhaps, a lack of a business degree. I regret to say that John Ho, who runs the Yvonne Hair and Nails salon has started a trend in the US that’s likely to spread or at least earn him some revenue. The only difference between Ho and I is the difference between a Chordata and a Crustacean. Customers at Ho’s pay to have their feet soak in a tank full of flesh-eating fish. Ho admitted insecurity in regards to the idea , but was recently quoted in an AP article as saying “let’s give it a shot.” In the pat words of the reporter, “customers were quickly hooked.” Why? Because Garra rufa , the “Doctor Fish” as it’s known in Japan, apparently only consume dead or infected skin–like maggots in a gangrenous wound–such as calluses, corns, bunions and hang-nails.

One question: What’s this toe-sucker’s natural dinner time habits, certainly not primate epidermis? The ecology and phylogeny of this Middle-East freshwater fish would make a good follow-up post. Perhaps someone with an eye on evolution and phylogenetics could address it.

Creepy Crawlies!

There are a few of these diagrams out there on the interwebs. It is a representation of life on earth according to relative diversity by species group or taxon. The point being, to show the spindly branches of the mammalian shrub–represented as the teeny pachyderm hiding under the giant shroom grove.

That’s a fine point to make, but could be more effective with a biomass pictorial to see who the real heavyweights are. And then me holding a can of bug spray.

Hat tip to Larry Moran who pointed out a lack of lichen and moss. A few other complaints crop up in the comments section.

Depressing decrease in wages of college graduates

This is pretty depressing. According to Economics Unbound’s reading of Bureau of Labor Statistics data on wage and salary earnings college graduates made 5.5% less last quarter then they did a year ago.

The topline number was that median weekly earnings for all workers, adjusted for inflation, were roughly about flat compared to a year earlier.

But when I looked at the details and did some calculations for different subgroups, I saw something that shocked me.

real median weekly earnings, 08II
percentage change over previous year
high school
diploma only
-0.3%
some college or
associated degree
-0.9%
bachelor’s
degree only
-5.5%
advanced degree 2.1%

Why would that be happening? Is wage competition from outsourcing finally hitting the more educated classes? Did all those Indian engineers and scientists that used to answer phones in call centers in India start working in jobs that compete with educated Americans? Or is this just a weird hiccup in the “correction” that’s now occurring? Is there any way we can just blame this all on Bush?

Amazing view from space of moon transit across earth

Check out this amazing video (QT) of the transit of the moon as it moves past the earth.

Hat tip Economists View

the epi in epigenetics

After much debate, this is what a few in my lab came up with as a working definition for epigenetics.

From a molecular standpoint, epigenetics consists of modifications to DNA, other than mutations, or chromatin which changes gene expression.

Chattering Biologists


Anyone who has talked with a research scientist will be familiar with the dreaded…Specialization Syndrome.

Here’s the video from Blogginheads:Diavlogs: ERV & Pharyngula

It’s over an important concept in biology, particularly evolution. Like light through a refractive lens, when asked to provide a definition of epigenetics, Abigail Smith over at ERV, without a wink, narrows the broad beam of the concept down to the specific, specialized area of her research, leaving it to the goodly, gray-bearded professor to calmly readjust the magnification.

At over an hour, the two also manage to talk about the brouhaha du Jour, “The Hostage Host!”